The intelligent acupuncture robot

which integrates traditional acupuncture with modern technologies

aims to enhance the accuracy

standardization

and objectivity of acupuncture treatments. This paper explores the key technological breakthroughs and challenges in the development of intelligent acupuncture robots

focusing on acupoint localization

manipulation acquisition

human-machine interaction

mechanisms of acupuncture

and detection of the

deqi

(arrival of

qi

) response. Th

e application of deep learning and image recognition has improved the precision of acupoint localization

while the adoption of high-precision sensors (e.g.

force sensors

acceleration sensors

optical sensors

and motion capture systems) and advances in machine learning have significantly enhanced the fidelity of manipulation acquisition and reproduction. Progress in human-machine interaction

particularly through visual and force feedback technologies

has improved the naturalness and accuracy of acupuncture procedures. However

as a multidisciplinary research topic

acupuncture robots require not only the data-driven study of clinical acupuncture issues (e.g.

deqi

and manipulation techniques)

but also the in-depth exploration of the engineering realization of AI and robotics in acupuncture

with particular focus on meridian modeling

acupoint dynamic characterization

and their implementation in robotic systems.